Contents

  1. Introduction to Biology Adoption Form

  2. Unit 1: The Cellular Foundation of Life
  3. Chapter 1: Introduction to Biology

    1. 1.1 The Process of Science

      1. The Nature of Science
      2. The Scientific Method
      3. Basic and Applied Science
      4. Reporting Scientific Work
      5. Section Summary
      6. Media Attributions
      7. Additional Topic 1 Resources:

    2. 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology

      1. Properties of Life
      2. Levels of Organization of Living Things
      3. The Diversity of Life
      4. Branches of Biological Study
      5. Section Summary
      6. Media Attributions
      7. Additional Resources
  4. Chapter 2: Introduction to the Chemistry of Life

    1. 2.1 Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

      1. The Chemical Foundation of Life
      2. Atoms
      3. Chemical Bonding
      4. Section Summary
      5. Media Attribution

    2. 2.2 Water

      1. Water Is Polar
      2. Water’s States: Gas, Liquid, and Solid
      3. Water’s High Heat Capacity Stabilizes Temperature
      4. Water Is an Excellent Solvent
      5. Water Is Cohesive
      6. Acids, Bases, pH, and Buffers
      7. Section Summary
      8. References
      9. Media Attributions

    3. 2.3 Carbon

      1. Hydrocarbons
      2. Isomers
      3. Functional Groups
      4. Section Summary
      5. Media Attribution

    4. 2.4 Video Series – Chemistry for Biologists

  5. Unit 1 Case Study
  6. Chapter 3: Introduction to Cell Structure and Function

    1. 3.1 Studying Cells

      1. Microscopy
      2. Cell Theory
      3. Section Summary
      4. Media Attributions

    2. 3.2 Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

      1. Components of Prokaryotic Cells
      2. Eukaryotic Cells
      3. Cell Size
      4. Section Summary

    3. 3.3 Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells

      1. The Cytoplasm
      2. The Nucleus
      3. Ribosomes
      4. Peroxisomes
      5. Animal Cells versus Plant Cells
      6. Section Summary
      7. Media Attributions

    4. 3.4 The Endomembrane System

      1. Vesicles and Vacuoles
      2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
      3. Golgi Apparatus
      4. Lysosomes
      5. Section Summary
      6. Media Attributions

    5. 3.5 The Cytoskeleton

      1. Fibres of the Cytoskeleton
      2. Flagella and Cilia
      3. Section Summary
      4. Media Attribution

    6. 3.6 Connections Between Cells

      1. Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells
      2. Intercellular Junctions
      3. Section Summary
      4. Media Attributions

    7. 3.7 Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

      1. Mitochondria
      2. Chloroplasts
      3. Endosymbiosis
      4. Section Summary
      5. Media Attribution
  7. Unit 2: Biomolecules
  8. Unit 2 Case Study
  9. Chapter 4: Biomolecules

    1. 4.1 Carbohydrates

      1. Molecular Structures
      2. Benefits of Carbohydrates
      3. Section Summary
      4. Media Attributions

    2. 4.2 Lipids

      1. Fats and Oils
      2. Waxes
      3. Phospholipids
      4. Steroids
      5. Section Summary
      6. Media Attributions

    3. 4.3 Proteins

      1. Types and Functions of Proteins
      2. Amino Acids
      3. Protein Structure
      4. Denaturation and Protein Folding
      5. Section Summary
      6. Media Attributions

    4. 4.4 Enzymes

      1. Enzymes Are Biological Catalysts
      2. Enzyme Active Site and Substrate Specificity
      3. Metabolic Control Through Enzyme Regulation
      4. Section Summary
      5. Media Attributions
  10. Unit 3: Cellular Metabolism
  11. Chapter 6: Introduction to Photosynthesis

    1. 6.1 Overview of Photosynthesis

      1. Solar Dependence and Food Production
      2. Main Structures and Summary of Photosynthesis
      3. The Two Parts of Photosynthesis
      4. Section Summary
      5. Media Attributions

    2. 6.2 The Light-Dependent Reactions of Photosynthesis

      1. What Is Light Energy?
      2. Absorption of Light
      3. Understanding Pigments
      4. Light-Dependent Reactions
      5. Generating an Energy Carrier: ATP
      6. Generating Another Energy Carrier: NADPH
      7. Section Summary
      8. Media Attributions

    3. 6.3 The Light-Independent Reactions of Photosynthesis: The Calvin Cycle

      1. The Calvin Cycle
      2. Photosynthesis in Prokaryotes
      3. The Energy Cycle
      4. Section Summary
      5. Media Attributions
  12. Chapter 5: Introduction to How Cells Obtain Energy

    1. Introduction

    2. 5.1 Energy

      1. Energy
      2. Thermodynamics
      3. Potential and Kinetic Energy
      4. Free and Activation Energy
      5. Section Summary
      6. Media Attributions

    3. 5.2 Metabolic Pathways

      1. Carbohydrate Metabolism
      2. Metabolic Pathways
      3. Electrons and Energy
      4. Section Summary
      5. Media Attribution

    4. 5.3 ATP and Glycolysis

      1. Adenosine Triphosphate, an Energy Carrier
      2. Overview of Glycolysis
      3. First Half of Glycolysis (Energy-Requiring Steps)
      4. Second Half of Glycolysis (Energy-Releasing Steps)
      5. Outcomes of Glycolysis
      6. Section Summary
      7. Media Attribution

    5. 5.4 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle

      1. Overview of the Citric Acid Cycle
      2. Oxidation of Pyruvate
      3. The Citric Acid Cycle
      4. Products of the Citric Acid Cycle
      5. Section Summary
      6. Media Attribution

    6. 5.5 Oxidative Phosphorylation

      1. The Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain
      2. ATP Synthesis
      3. ATP Yield
      4. Section Summary
      5. Media Attributions

    7. 5.6 Metabolism without Oxygen (Fermentation)

      1. Lactic Acid Fermentation
      2. Alcohol Fermentation
      3. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
      4. Section Summary
      5. Media Attribution

    8. 5.7 Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways

      1. Connections of Other Sugars to Glucose Metabolism
      2. Connections of Proteins to Glucose Metabolism
      3. Connections of Lipids to Glucose Metabolism
      4. Section Summary
      5. Media Attribution

    9. 5.8 Regulation of Cellular Respiration

      1. Regulatory Mechanisms
      2. Control of Catabolic Pathways
      3. Section Summary
  13. Unit 3 Case Study
  14. Chapter 7: The Plasma Membrane

    1. 7.1 The Plasma Membrane Components and Structure

      1. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane
      2. Section Summary
      3. Media Attribution

    2. 7.2 Passive Transport

      1. Selective Permeability
      2. Diffusion
      3. Facilitated Transport
      4. Osmosis
      5. Tonicity
      6. Section Summary
      7. Media Attributions

    3. 7.3 Active Transport

      1. Electrochemical Gradient
      2. Carrier Proteins for Active Transport
      3. Endocytosis
      4. Exocytosis
      5. Section Summary
      6. Media Attributions
  15. Unit 4: Genes and Heredity
  16. Chapter 8: DNA Structure and Function

    1. 8.1 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

      1. Nucleotides
      2. DNA Double-Helix Structure
      3. RNA Structure and Function
      4. Section Summary
      5. Media Attribution

    2. 8.2 Historical Basis of Modern Understanding

      1. Section Summary
      2. Media Attribution

    3. 8.3 DNA Structure and Sequencing

      1. DNA Sequencing Techniques
      2. Genomic DNA
      3. DNA Packaging in Eukaryotic Cells
      4. Section Summary
      5. Media Attribution

    4. 8.4 Basics of DNA Replication

      1. Section Summary
      2. Media Attribution

    5. 8.5 DNA Replication in Prokaryotes

      1. Section Summary
      2. Media Attribution

    6. 8.6 DNA Replication in Eukaryotes

      1. Telomere replication
      2. Telomerase and Aging
      3. Section Summary
      4. Media Attribution

    7. 8.7 DNA Repair

      1. Section Summary
      2. Media Attribution
  17. Chapter 9: Genes and Proteins

    1. 9.1 The Genetic Code

      1. The Central Dogma: DNA Encodes RNA; RNA Encodes Protein
      2. Section Summary
      3. Media Attributions

    2. 9.2 Prokaryotic Transcription

      1. Initiation of Transcription in Prokaryotes
      2. Elongation and Termination in Prokaryotes
      3. Section Summary

    3. 9.3 Eukaryotic Transcription

      1. Initiation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
      2. Eukaryotic Elongation and Termination
      3. Section Summary

    4. 9.4 RNA Processing in Eukaryotes

      1. mRNA Processing
      2. Processing of tRNAs and rRNAs
      3. Section Summary
      4. Media Attribution

    5. 9.5 Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

      1. The Protein Synthesis Machinery
      2. The Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
      3. Protein Folding, Modification, and Targeting
      4. Section Summary
  18. Chapter 10: Cell Reproduction

    1. 10.1 Mitosis

      1. Interphase
      2. The Mitotic Phase
      3. Cytokinesis
      4. G0 Phase
      5. Control of the Cell Cycle
      6. Regulator Molecules of the Cell Cycle
      7. Section Summary
      8. Media Attributions

    2. 10.2 Cancer and the Cell Cycle

      1. Proto-oncogenes
      2. Tumor Suppressor Genes
      3. Section Summary
      4. Media Attribution

    3. 10.3 Prokaryotic Cell Division

      1. Binary Fission
      2. Section Summary
      3. Media Attribution

    4. 10.4 The Process of Meiosis

      1. Interphase
      2. Meiosis I
      3. Meiosis II
      4. Comparing Meiosis and Mitosis
      5. Section Summary
      6. Media Attribution

    5. 10.5 Sexual Reproduction

      1. The Red Queen Hypothesis
      2. Life Cycles of Sexually Reproducing Organisms
      3. Section Summary
      4. Media Attribution
  19. Chapter 11: Mendelian Genetics

    1. 11.1 Mendel’s Experiments and the Laws of Probability

      1. Johann Gregor Mendel, Pioneer in Genetic Research
      2. Mendel’s Model System
      3. Probability Basics
      4. Section Summary
      5. Media Attributions

    2. 11.2 Dominant and Recessive Traits

      1. Phenotypes and Genotypes
      2. Equal Segregation of Alleles
      3. Monohybrid Cross and the Punnett Square
      4. Alternatives to Dominance and Recessiveness
      5. X-Linked Traits
      6. Lethality
      7. Section Summary
      8. Media Attributions

    3. 11.3 Law of Independent Assortment

      1. Pairs of Unit Factors, or Genes
      2. Forked-Line Method
      3. Probability Method
      4. Rules for Multihybrid Fertilization
      5. Linked Genes Violate the Law of Independent Assortment
      6. Epistasis
      7. Section Summary
  20. Unit 4 Case Study